Legal Forms of Business - 1082 Words

Legal Forms of Business: Week 2 Legal Forms of Business In business, the first decision that is made is usually the most difficult. When making business decisions, the owner must decide what types of business organization is the best for the company. There are seven forms of business that will be discussed as well as scenarios in which each of these forms of business would be the preferred form. This paper will also justify why the corresponding business form is preferred. The forms that will be discussed are: sole proprietorship, partner, limited liability partnership, Limited Liability Company, S corporation, franchise, and corporate form. Sole Proprietorship A Sole Proprietor is someone who owns a business by†¦show more content†¦S corporation status provides many of the benefits of partnership taxation and at the same time gives the owners limited liability protection from creditors. Scenario: A company that is taxed as a corporation, has more than 100 shareholders, and has one class of stock, cl assifies the company as an S Corporation. Franchise A franchise is a right granted to an individual or group to market a company s goods or services within a certain territory or location. There are companies that fall up under the franchise umbrella such as McDonald’s, Subway, and Pizza Hut. Many people think of restaurants or fast food businesses when they think of franchise. There are over 120 different types of franchise that consist of automotive, health and fitness, financial services, and cleaning and maintenance, just to name a few. Scenario: A person is interested in starting a business and would like to own a Taco Bell. The best form to use is the franchise. This would require the owner to buy into the franchise. Corporate The Corporation form is used to solve the typical problems of the partnership. Incorporating allows a group of owners to act as one. This is similar to the way a partnership is operated as well. Since a corporation is a separate legal en tity capable of being sued, it can protect its owners by absorbing the liability if something goes wrong. In a corporation, the owner is allowed to hireShow MoreRelatedLegal Forms of Business1415 Words   |  6 PagesLegal forms of Business The process of starting a business can be a challenging one. From choosing a business name, identifying the product to sell and where all require thoughtful decisions. All these decisions also need legal and practical considerations. To understand more about the different forms of business, it is important to consider the right structure for the business (Legal Forms, 2006). Sole Proprietorship A sole proprietorship simply means a business with one owner. With many formsRead MoreThe Legal Forms Of Business997 Words   |  4 Pagesit can be said as they are in partnership type of business. The legal forms of the business are named UNINCORPORATED AND INCORPORATED FORMS AS: 1. Unincorporated form a. sole trader b. partnership c. trust d. franchise 2. Incorporated forms a. incorporated not for profit associations b. cooperatives (non-profit or business) c. company/corporation (registered under the corporation’s act 2001) The partnership is an unincorporated form of business as they are not incorporated under the corporations’Read MoreThe Legal Forms Of Business1329 Words   |  6 Pagesof all, there are three legal forms of business, which consist of sole proprietorships, partnerships, and corporations. People can run a business in these three types of ways, which in some ways each type of business has its benefits and has its losses. Also, setting up a business needs to be planned out, and have expectations on how the business needs to run. People can’t just go out and start a business without having any plans. If a person did that, then that business would not last long at allRead MoreThe Legal Forms Of Business2782 Words   |  12 Pages Final Paper: Legal Forms of Business Samantha Simpfenderfer Cazenovia College â€Æ' When developing and establishing a business, a business owner must first consider what type of legal business that they would like to create and own. In the United States, businesses that vary in form are recognized and represented in court in varying ways. In some forms of business, the personal assets of the business owner are not protected, where in others, a business owner could never risk losing assetsRead MoreLegal Forms of Business Paper938 Words   |  4 PagesLegal Forms of Business Paper Law/531 June 3rd, 2011 University of Phoenix Legal Forms of Business Paper Selecting the best form of operating a business depends on the type of business the owner wants to run. The owners have to pick the structure that best meets their needs. â€Å"The selection depends on many factors, including the ease and cost of formation, the capital requirements of the business, the flexibility of management decisions, government restrictions, personal liability, taxRead MoreLegal Forms of Business Paper1131 Words   |  5 Pageshead: LEGAL FORMS OF BUSINESS PAPER Alumina and BP Scenario Collaborative Analysis University of Phoenix Pedro E. Grave de Peralta LAW531-Business Law Ken Marc July 28, 2012 This paper will be discussed, as well as explaining sole proprietorship, partnership, limited liability partnership, Limited Liability Company, S corporation, franchise, and corporate form found thisRead MoreEssay on Legal Forms of Business939 Words   |  4 Pagesperson has an innovative plan to start a business. It begins with an idea but what should they do afterwards. If someone wants to start a business they must ask themselves several questions. What is the size of the business? What level of control do they want to have? What are the business risk and vulnerabilities? What are the initial startup expenses? All of these questions will help them decide which legal form of business they should choose. As a legal form can have significant implications forRead MoreTypes Of Legal Forms Of A Business1218 Words   |  5 PagesMaking business needs to adapt some legal form so that the corporate can operate the state legally, but it is not easy to know the right title that commerc ial need to carry for that reason must search all the forms and choose the right one that can progress future benefit. So, there are several legal forms that would need to be adopted for many reasons as a going to build a corporate, and it is important to know what we need to sell and the size of the operating company. The company must know whatRead MoreDifferent Legal Forms Of Business Combinations1039 Words   |  5 Pagesseveral different legal forms of business combinations. These forms include a merger, an acquisition, or a hostile takeover. When a merger takes place, two company’s combine to either form a new corporation, or amalgamate into one of the two old companies. These mergers can be either friendly or unfriendly in nature. When an amicable merger occurs, both the acquiring and acquired companies’ board of directors and executives work together to create terms for combining the new business. These terms areRead MoreLegal Forms of Business in Sri Lanka4360 Words   |  18 PagesIntroduction A business also called a company, enterprise or firm is a legally recognized organization, designed to provide goods and services to consumers. According to the purpose of the business, ownership of the business and nature of economic contribution of the business; the business can fall into one of the three standard sectors. There are; private sector, public sector and nonprofit sector. The part of the economy concerned with providing basic government services is called public

Saudi Arabia Versus Iran And The Ongoing Sunni Shia Conflict

The topic for this capstone project is â€Å"Saudi Arabia versus Iran and the Ongoing Sunni-Shia Conflict†. The paper will delve into the historical split between the Sunni and the Shia, as well as the relationship between Saudi Arabia and Iran given the fact that Saudi Arabia is a predominantly Sunni state while Iran is a predominantly Shia state. Evidently, this ancient divide is contributing in one way or the other to the resurgence of conflict in Muslim countries especially in the Middle East. For instance, it is this struggle between the Sunni and the Shia that feeds the current Syrian civil war, which is threatening to change the Middle East. The divide has also fueled violence in other Gulf countries such as Iraq, Bahrain, Yemen, as well as Lebanon. Notably however, the entire conflicts are not defined in respect to this Shia Sunni divide since there are many other economic, political, as well as geostrategic factors that fuel the conflicts. Nonetheless, the split is on e prism that can help in understanding these tensions (Luomi 36). The two nations of Saudi Arabia and Iran are competing for power and leadership in the Islamic world; consequently, they are employing many tactics including the sectarian divide to attain these ambitions. It is at this backdrop that the paper will look into the relationship of these two gulf counties including Bahrain, Yemen, and Syria. Besides the proxy war, there is also the fervor of armed militants in the Gulf that are motivated by theirShow MoreRelatedOil s Impact On The Economic Spectrum3994 Words   |  16 Pagesreport, we endeavour to predict whether the Brent crude oil price will be above or below the current â€Å"spot† price of around US$60 per barrel in one and five years time and we consider demand concerns in China, supply issues within the US and OPEC (Saudi Arabia especially) as well as global geopolitical impacts. In Part B, fuel is the largest operating expense for an airline and we will assess the vulnerability of the share prices for Qantas and Virgin Australia to movements in the oil price. Part A

Business Research Method Research Proposal †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Business Research Method Research Proposal Services. Answer: Introduction It is identified that open data will certainly drive the growth, integrity as well as innovation in the world economy. As mentioned by Helbig, Gil-Garca and Janssen (2014), data is the new capital of the global economy and the companies tend to seek renewed growth, effective performance as well as meaningful customer engagement. However, the pressure to exploit data could be immense. In the recent time, businesses have become hooked on the big data. The businesses have blinked opinion of open data. Conversely, allowing any one to use and redistributed data freely is considered as the mechanism employed by the governments to enhance public service transparency (Zuiderwijk and Janssen 2014). This enables the citizenship to hold new account. Nevertheless, open data is the necessary part of developing the data landscape. This section of the report discuses the ideas and views regarding open data published in the existing studies. The critical discussion on the open data has been establis hed considering the views of different authors and scholars. Concept of open data As put forward by Janssen, Charalabidis and Zuiderwijk (2012), while everyone knows that people are living in the midst of the data revolution; in fact the experts are trying hard to figure out what open data stands for as the most widely discussed topic has till now been the big data. This is concept, which elicits some particular reactions. To some scholar, the big data means a world or a platform where every individuals activities, finance, movements as well as private conversations are traced as well as analyzed by the government (Kitchin 2014). Unlike this concept, to some particular scholars, the big data is a boon, which means an explosion of data that can be mined for commercial application, marketing insights as well as rapid scientific growth. Besides these worldviews, that are not necessarily incompatible- the open data remains a more difficult to understand. In this context, Yang and Kankanhalli (2013) commented that in the recent time, the public sector organizations as well as departments are increasingly repaying the public investment by keeping their data available to all at free of cost. When the cost is increasing in putting the data to use, the increasing availability of the national resource is becoming a crucial driver for many new businesses. This is largely known as the open data. The types of data as well as the applications are most significant and promising, which will encourage innovation to go forward (Chesbrough, Vanhaverbeke and West 2014) Market opportunity in data-driven innovation It has been studied in the existing literature, the unprecedented ability to collect, analyze as well as use is creating new sorts of business opportunities. According to Zuiderwijk, et al. (2012), the data analysis could enhance the efficiency as well as minimize the cost, which can be considered as the process innovation. The logistic firms are observed to be using the data to enhance the efficiency. For instance, the UPS uses he data analytics to determine maximum routs for its drivers. The analysis conducted but the government Lab in US demonstrates how data analytics could increase efficiency in healthcare sector (Yoo et al. 2012). In addition to this, it is also observed that organization could use the data to reach consumers more easily and effectively. This increases the brand reputation and the design of the products and services for some particular audiences. For instance, it is found that IT company Google analyzes the search behavior of people to target advertising as wel l as Amazon users the customer data to enhance the sales based on the personalized recommendation. Increasing number of organizations in the myriad industries such as finance, healthcare, energy and education are there that might not exist without the data science developed in the present days. Particularly, these industries are not using the data to operate their delivery network more effectively. This discussion focuses on the third type of innovation because of the impact that it will create over time. Thus, these new data-driven organizations could create a strong effect. This means once the first company shoes the way, the other organizations might follow, which could lead to cumulative job growth as well as wealth generation. Moreover, these organizations depend on the data as the business resource, and the public government data is particularly remains as the cost effective source for thee organizations. By keeping the data more available, the government organization could make crucial difference in increasing this sort of business innovation (Juell-Skielse et al. 2014). When the big data has attracted many interests, the open data could be more significant for the new businesses. The diagram provided in the following demonstrates that big data as well as the open data are related but the concepts may not be same or similar to the type f data. Some big data could be anything but open. The records of customers acquired by the business are considered to be used exclusively by the organizations that gather it to enhance their businesses process as well as marketing. In this context, Ling (2013) commented that open data, conversely, is developed and designed for public use. It is effective for the public that sustain as well as accelerates the process of business across the economy. When the big data is also open- it is much open for the organizations in public sector, it is particularly powerful. The study conducted by George, Haas and Pentland (2014), helps to observe that open data in the global environment costs around $ 3trillion per year. Market development- opportunity for using public data As put forward by Helbig, Gil-Garca and Janssen (2014), the United State and other nations have committed themselves to make government data open by default. It is open to the data public unless there is security, privacy as well as other significant reasons. However, the data set will not be accessible to them. It could be difficult to make the entire supply of the public of the nation available. It might take the considerable time, money and effort to convert national data set into usable open data. Thus, it is wise for the organizations to assess the return on investment for this particular effort. In the past few years, it was observed that, the policy analysts have made many high-level or significant attempts to anticipate the economic value of such different kind of open data. The above motioned government lab focusing on the same issues on a more relevant way. The survey has been conducted considering 500 companies that use open data government as significant key business resource. As the study has not gathered the systematic financial data on these organizations, the study has provided a significant map of the territory demonstrating the categories of organizations that use open government data. The open data involves 500 organizations across different business sectors. Many organizations are developed on two significant examples of open government data (Zuiderwijk and Janssen 2014). The studies confirm that increasing number of organizations whose organizational operation are to make it facilitated for other business organizations to use open data. Data and technology companies in the Open Data 500 research make the biggest single category in the research. These organizations provide platforms as well s service that make open government data easier to f ind and implement. Moreover, it is can also be added that these organizations could serve a critical functions into open data platform. A large amount o government data is incomplete or irrelevant that are processed via obsolescent legacy system, which is quite difficult. As many organizations in the government sector are working to enhance the data resource, it remains as the huge task and requires help from the private sector organizations. Based on the complexities of database, it can be motioned that present state of government data and the lack of funding required enhancing it, the organizations should continue to build a viable business for the coming years. This might again create a strong impact. The success of these organizations could makes other organizations data driven organizations successful also. Some data driven opportunities for business across all sectors with different kinds of open data are there to serve as fuel for their innovative fires. Some of these organizations as well as the significant open dataset involve the business and legal service, education, energy, finance and investment. Business and legal services- a number of organizations are dealing with the open data, analyzing as well as managing open data for business intelligence and the operation of business. For example, it is observed that US patent and trademark office and combines it with other data to deliver analytical tools that organizations or business could implement to know about significant competitors as well as partners (Helbig, Gil-Garca and Janssen 2014). It is also observed that organization Panjiva implements the custom dataset to facilitate global trade that connects buyer as well as suppliers across 190 nations. Education- It is observed that data driven organizations are finding value into two different kinds of education data. Thus, the first data is based on the performance of the student that can be opened or that is available to students, parents as well as teachers to improve the education as per the needs of the students. However, it is still not clear how the originations twill be able to implement this sensitive data to connect students with educational resource as well as programs without running of privacy concerns (Kitchin 2014). These organizations could provide a significant public benefit with the significant economic value. Another kind of education is about the academic institutions themselves and the value they offer. In addition, the college bound students have widely depended on the college rankings from the base of US news. These students have used the information to work with their families and parents as well as the high school counselors to figure out and how they could afford institutions of their choice (Ling 2013.). Most universities or colleges are now required to demonstrate their real cost. The desired cost for particular kind of student after the colleges characteristic aid package is considered. Many education websites have started using this kind of data to guide the students and find colleges. Energy- the increasing interest in clean energy as well as sustainability is generating a new breed of data-driven organizations. Many organizations tend to use open data on energy efficiency with data-storing sensors to make residential as well as commercial buildings more energy effective. Likewise, the others are using the open data to clean energy technologies. For example, it can be added that Clean Power Finance for example could use the open data to guide the professionals and help them in findings the access to finance (Juell-Skielse et al. 2014). In addition the data from securities as well as exchange commission has strengthened investment organization for decades as well as it is now possible to combine SEC data with other data source for developing a faster and usable analysis. Other new organizations provide a large range of financial information as well as services to business and customers. Likewise, the some financial organizations are processing financial data and he lping the small and medium sized organization. Thus, they could receive the capital they require. Public information and shared data from private sources As put forward by Hashem et al. (2015), the open data such as machine readable information, particularly government data that is available to all- has created a significant deal of excitement around the word for its potential to authorize public and change the way the government works. It could enhance the delivery of public services. It could also create significant value. The existing research indicates that seven industries alone may create more than $3 trillion yearly as the additional value. This is considered as the result of open data. This brings an increase to hundreds of entrepreneurial businesses. It helps the developed companies to segment markets, define new products and services. In addition this, it could enhance the competence and effectiveness of operations. Even though the open-data phenomenon is in its initial stage, people observe a strong potential to derive significant economic with the help of advanced analytics to both open and proprietary knowledge. Conclusion On the completion of the report, it can be added that open data could become an instrument for isolating the information gaps across industries. The data could allow organization to set benchmarks as well as spread advanced practices that enhances the productivity. Some particular data driven opportunities for business in all industries with several kinds are there to serve as fuel for their innovative fires. Some of these companies and the significant open dataset involve the business and legal service, finance and education. Reference list: Chesbrough, H., Vanhaverbeke, W. and West, J. eds., 2014.New frontiers in open innovation. OUP Oxford. George, G., Haas, M.R. and Pentland, A., 2014. Big data and management.Academy of Management Journal,57(2), pp.321-326. Hashem, I.A.T., Yaqoob, I., Anuar, N.B., Mokhtar, S., Gani, A. and Khan, S.U., 2015. The rise of big data on cloud computing: Review and open research issues.Information Systems,47, pp.98-115. Helbig, N., Gil-Garca, J.R. and Janssen, M., 2014. Special Issue on Innovation through Open Data: Guest Editors' Introduction.Journal of theoretical and applied electronic commerce research,9(2), pp.i-xiii. Janssen, M., Charalabidis, Y. and Zuiderwijk, A., 2012. Benefits, adoption barriers and myths of open data and open government.Information systems management,29(4), pp.258-268. Juell-Skielse, G., Hjalmarsson, A., Juell-Skielse, E., Johannesson, P. and Rudmark, D., 2014. Contests as innovation intermediaries in open data markets.Information Polity,19(3, 4), pp.247-262 Kitchin, R., 2014.The data revolution: Big data, open data, data infrastructures and their consequences. Sage. Ling, C., 2013. Big Data Innovation: Research on EU Open Data Strategy [J].Information Studies: Theory Application,4, p.026. Yang, Z. and Kankanhalli, A., 2013, June. Innovation in government services: The case of open data. InInternational Working Conference on Transfer and Diffusion of IT(pp. 644-651). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Yoo, Y., Boland Jr, R.J., Lyytinen, K. and Majchrzak, A., 2012. Organizing for innovation in the digitized world.Organization Science,23(5), pp.1398-1408. Zuiderwijk, A. and Janssen, M., 2014. Open data policies, their implementation and impact: A framework for comparison.Government Information Quarterly,31(1), pp.17-29. Zuiderwijk, A., Janssen, M., Choenni, S., Meijer, R., Alibaks, R.S. and Sheikh_Alibaks, R., 2012. Socio-technical impediments of open data.Electronic Journal of e-Government,10(2), pp.156-172.

The Definition of Avant Garde with reference to Drama, Dance Essay Example For Students

The Definition of Avant Garde with reference to Drama, Dance Essay The Definition of Avian Garden with reference to Drama, Dance, Music and Performance. With the influence Richard Schooner had on our piece. By beneath In Twentieth Century Theatre from the time of the Renaissance on, theatre seemed to be striving for total realism, or at least for the illusion of reality. As it reached that goal in the late 19th century, a multifaceted, materialistic reaction erupted. Many movements, generally lumped together as the avian-garden, attempted to suggest alternatives to the realistic drama and production. Paralleling modern art movements, various theoreticians turned to symbol, abstraction, and ritual in an attempt to revivalist the theatre. Although realism continues to be dominant in contemporary theatre, its earlier functions are now better served by television and film. The originator of many neutralist ideas was the German opera composer Richard Wagner. He believed that the Job of the playwright/composer was to create myths. In so doing, Wagner felt, the creator of drama was portraying an ideal world in which the audience shared a communal experience, perhaps as the ancients had done. We will write a custom essay on The Definition of Avant Garde with reference to Drama, Dance specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now He sought to depict the soul state, or inner being, of characters rather than their practical, realistic aspects. Furthermore, Wagner was unhappy with the lack of unity among the individual arts that constituted the drama. He proposed the Counterarguments, the total art work, in which all dramatic elements are unified, preferably under the control of a single artistic creator. The avian-garden choreographers can be characterized by, in general having a less formal attitude towards dance than the previous generation. While their predecessors were obsessed with conveying angst and emotion, these dancers seemed to have more fun. Their frivolity could be attributed to the fact that as angers, they were no longer on a crusade to legitimate their art. The avian-garden choreographers felt free to experiment. They questioned the frontal aspect of creating a dance that was inherent in ballet and early Modern dance; why couldnt dance be in a round, why must the audience be directly in front? Their explorations of ways in which theatrical space affected the dance led to some avian- garden choreographers presenting their works in small community theatres and in other unconventional locations. The avian-garden choreographers began to ponder the traditions of music, makeup ND costumes. Costumes began to take on a unisex look, as choreographers felt it music in dance and makeup in theatre. Technology was once again affecting dance, and many avian-garden choreographers embraced it. It came in the form of computer synthesized music, film and modern materials. For example, in Mercer Cunningham piece, Rainforests, helium filled balloons made by Jasper Johns share the stage with the dancers. Mercer Cunningham was one of the first choreographers to challenge the conventions of the founding generation of modern dance. He had studied with the Graham Company for a number of years and eventually formed his own dance group in the asss. American Composer John Cage had a profound influence on avian-garden music and dance. He studied with the American composers Henry Cello and Adolph Weiss and the Austrian-born composer Arnold Schoenberg. In 1942 he settled in New York City. Influenced by Zen Buddhism, Cage often used silence as a musical element, with sounds as entities hanging in time, and he sought to achieve randomness in his music. In Music of Changes (1951), for piano, tone combinations occur in a sequence determined by casting lots. In 433 (1952), the performers sit silently at instruments; the unconnected sounds of the environment are the music. Like Theatre Piece (1960), in which musicians, dancers, and mimes perform randomly selected tasks, 433 dissolves the borders separating music, sound, and non-musical phenomena. .udd8549c953a9b94593cda34667fddbbc , .udd8549c953a9b94593cda34667fddbbc .postImageUrl , .udd8549c953a9b94593cda34667fddbbc .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .udd8549c953a9b94593cda34667fddbbc , .udd8549c953a9b94593cda34667fddbbc:hover , .udd8549c953a9b94593cda34667fddbbc:visited , .udd8549c953a9b94593cda34667fddbbc:active { border:0!important; } .udd8549c953a9b94593cda34667fddbbc .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .udd8549c953a9b94593cda34667fddbbc { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .udd8549c953a9b94593cda34667fddbbc:active , .udd8549c953a9b94593cda34667fddbbc:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .udd8549c953a9b94593cda34667fddbbc .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .udd8549c953a9b94593cda34667fddbbc .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .udd8549c953a9b94593cda34667fddbbc .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .udd8549c953a9b94593cda34667fddbbc .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .udd8549c953a9b94593cda34667fddbbc:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .udd8549c953a9b94593cda34667fddbbc .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .udd8549c953a9b94593cda34667fddbbc .udd8549c953a9b94593cda34667fddbbc-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .udd8549c953a9b94593cda34667fddbbc:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Music during elizabethan age EssayIn Cages pieces for prepared piano, such as Mores (1943), foreign objects modify the sounds of the piano strings. Interestingly Cage wrote dance works for Mercer Cunningham. Following Cages lead, in the late sass and ass composer Gunter Schuler, together with the pianist John Lewis and his Modern Jazz Quartet, to fuse Jazz and classical USIA into a third stream by bringing together musicians from both worlds in a repertoire that drew heavily on the techniques of both kinds of music. Also active during these years was the composer, bassist, and bandleader Charlie Minus, who imbued his chord-progression-based improvisations with a wild, raw excitement. Most controversial was the work of the alto saxophonist Ornate Coleman, whose improvisations, at times almost atonal, did away with chord progressions altogether, while retaining the steady rhythmic swing so characteristic of Jazz. Although Colleens wailing sound and rough technique shocked many critics, there recognized the wit, sincerity, and rare sense of form that characterized his solos. He inspired a whole school of avian-garden Jazz that flourished in the sass and ass and included the Art Ensemble of Chicago, the clarinetist Jimmy Suffer, the pianist Cecil Taylor, and even Chlorate, who ventured into avian-garden improvisation before his death in 1967. From my research and these findings I had a good idea of the avian garden movement, minute performance with a group of my fellow students. We watched a video and to assist us we looked at the theory by Richard Schooner Five Avian Grades or none, Schooner talks about the process of life going from being out of balance to balanced, to achieve this a change must be made I. E. not Just from A to B but the actual Journey between A and B. Schooner states that the form of Avian Garden is made up of the five following types, that in Avian Garden performance today there is elements from all five Historical, Current, Forward looking, Tradition seeking and Intercultural. From this I learned that actually Schooners theory was that in actual fact this was the make up of Avian Garden, that performance in the genre of avian Arden could not happen without thinking back to the early examples and adopting trends. As there currently is not a particular style so performers need to use elements from the past, create new ideas using modern technology mixed with traditional aspects, along with ideas from other cultures. Schooners Five Avian Gardens Historical avian-garden Naturalism Realism Symbolism Futurism Cubism Expressionism Dada Surrealism Constructivism Current avian-garden Always changing Excellent quality, refined by 2nd and 3rd generations of artists Forward-looking avian-garden Heir to Historical avian-garden wows, cybernetics, hyper or virtual time/space Tradition-seeking avian-garden Grassroots theatre Intercultural avian-garden From the video, and using Schooners theory, we brain stormed together as a group, we liked the ideas of Historical avian garden using symbolism, expressionism and realism mixed together, as well as including multimedia and mega sound from Forward looking avian garden. We decided quite early in our devising process that we wanted to include all of the elements of performance Drama, Dance, and Music. The fundamental key to our performance was the theory Schooner had of life going room out of balance to balanced, we talked about the process of this happening and we basically came up with a phrase that in order for something to become balanced then a sacrifice must occur, one must give something up we came up with the word purification, and devised simply that to go from being out of balance to balanced purification must happen. From this we thought of birth from the womb to life, because we decided that for a fetus to never live out side of the womb this would warrant the danger of becoming out of balance, the fact that a fetus gives up the feet of the womb for the dangers and the unknown of the world warrants a sacrifice and that birth itself is the purification leading to the balance of life. .u9a0c9bd1af36711fa380738ac8dfa5f4 , .u9a0c9bd1af36711fa380738ac8dfa5f4 .postImageUrl , .u9a0c9bd1af36711fa380738ac8dfa5f4 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u9a0c9bd1af36711fa380738ac8dfa5f4 , .u9a0c9bd1af36711fa380738ac8dfa5f4:hover , .u9a0c9bd1af36711fa380738ac8dfa5f4:visited , .u9a0c9bd1af36711fa380738ac8dfa5f4:active { border:0!important; } .u9a0c9bd1af36711fa380738ac8dfa5f4 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u9a0c9bd1af36711fa380738ac8dfa5f4 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u9a0c9bd1af36711fa380738ac8dfa5f4:active , .u9a0c9bd1af36711fa380738ac8dfa5f4:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u9a0c9bd1af36711fa380738ac8dfa5f4 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u9a0c9bd1af36711fa380738ac8dfa5f4 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u9a0c9bd1af36711fa380738ac8dfa5f4 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u9a0c9bd1af36711fa380738ac8dfa5f4 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u9a0c9bd1af36711fa380738ac8dfa5f4:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u9a0c9bd1af36711fa380738ac8dfa5f4 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u9a0c9bd1af36711fa380738ac8dfa5f4 .u9a0c9bd1af36711fa380738ac8dfa5f4-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u9a0c9bd1af36711fa380738ac8dfa5f4:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Emotion and Music essaySo our theory behind our performance was that as a fetus we start life of as balanced, however if we do not make the transition from womb to world then there is obviously a danger of becoming out of balance I. E. the fetus may die, so before that danger becomes apparent we are born, a sacrifice is made, a risk is taken a purification takes place birth, and we remain balanced. In our performance we used the music of Massive Attack, Teardrop which is about a totes in the womb, we chose a poem about sacrifice, change and love, and we took the form of a fetus making the Journey from womb to world. Visually our performance was simple; we combined moveme nt and drama, with the poem being read over the music.

EKG

EKG To understand the electrocardiograph, otherwise known as the "ECG"  or "EKG" , one must first get to know the human heart. Most people know that the electrocardiogram measures the electrical impulses of the heart, but have no idea of how or why the heart produces these impulses and what they mean. Next, a brief history of the events that led up to the invention of the electrocardiograph is in order. It is always insightful to delve into the thought processes and/or events that resulted in the formation of the tools used in present day. Upon completing these two exercises, one can move on to the details surrounding the electrocardiograph itself. Only then, will there be an appreciation of the important function it serves and a true understanding of how it works.The human heart is in actuality a four-chambered pump for the circulatory system. The ventricles perform the main pumping function of the heart.FASHION : KHOI QUAN + HAIR STYLISTThe atria are blood storehouses while the v entricles are pumping. This resting/filling phase is called the "diastole" . The contractile, or pumping, phase is called "systole" . A series of electrical events take place in the heart during both of these phases. A specific pattern of electrical activation in the musculature of the atria and ventricles causes the contraction of these structures. The electrical activation patterns are initiated by a coordinated series of events that take place in the "specialized conduction system"  of the heart, which is very small in comparison to the total mass of the heart. Several different types of tissue make up the heart: SA and AV nodal tissue, atrial, Purkinje, and ventricular. Each tissue is electrically excitable and exhibits different characteristics which makes their rhythm distinguishable in measurement. Each heartbeat of the normal human heart originates in the SA node. A normal heart...

140 Characters Twitter Fiction and the Art of Concise Writing

140 Characters Twitter Fiction and the Art of Concise Writing Plenty of people want to become writers, but feel that they simply don’t have the time to commit to writing even a short story. With all the interruptions of the digital age (to say nothing of family and work obligations), finding time to write really can be a challenge. It’s so easy to get frustrated with your writing when you’re just starting out; so hard to not be discouraged These days, there are plenty of ways an aspiring writer can hone their craft and add publication credits to their resume at the same time. And one of the very best ways is to write Twitter-sized tales. These short stories are 140 characters or less (including spaces), and pack a surprising emotional punch. Despite the limitations of the form, skilled Twitter fiction writers are able to make readers laugh, cry, or shiver as they build worlds and introduce characters. Twitter is home to several communities of avid writers and readers, and they are passionate about promoting great 140-character stories. There’s no hard and fast rule about what makes a great Twitter tale. Some stories focus on just a moment’s worth of action, while others span thousands of years in just two sentences. Many are humorous, but plenty more are heart-breaking. The form forces you to choose words precisely, and to cut out any extraneous information. More often than not, the title of the work gives the reader enough framing to understand the events in your story. So, what do you do after you’ve completed your little tale? The most obvious thing to do is post it on your own Twitter account, to share with your own followers. If you can spare the space, adding hashtags to your story will enable other Twitter fiction fans to find it more easily. Hashtags to consider include #vss (which stands for â€Å"very short story†), #nanofiction, or #fiction. Another hashtag is #lqw, which designates that the story contains the word of the day as designated There are also dozens of Twitter accounts for websites that publish only 140-character stories. Some of the most notable are @OneFortyFiction, @seedpodpub, @sixwordstories, @twitterfiction, @7Ãâ€"20, and @trapezemag, all of which are unpaid markets. @Nanoism is a paying Twitter fiction market, which publishes three times a week and pays between $1.50 and $1 for stories: not bad, given the brevity of the form. Serialized Twitter fiction is paid out at a higher rate. @thaumatrope and @tweetthemeat also pay to publish other people’s Twitter stories, though both markets are currently on hiatus. In short: keep on writing, and keep your eyes peeled for opportunities to grow your fan base. Depending on where you choose to publish your stories, your work may be exposed to thousands of people. In addition, there are often contests being held on Twitter But beyond the accolades and the prizes, the best thing about writing Twitter fiction is how it can improve your writing. With practice, this shortest of short story forms can help even the most verbose of writers to develop a clear, clean, and concise style. And that’s a skill that will benefit any writer as they begin work on longer projects.

Organizational Justice Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Organizational Justice - Assignment Example There are clearly defined ways to improve the perception of organizational justice by one's employees or members. Samples of some alternatives are; fairness of hiring practices, non-discriminatory policies, allowing for feedback from employees, management fairness training, and a clearly procedural rewards system. As the characteristics of a process (procedural justice) are more closely linked with the perception of justice of the organization and therefore the employee's trust, more research is needed into just procedures. Employees or members of any organization that feel it's policies and procedures are at minimum unbiased are more likely to feel their contributions make a difference to the organization. When employees feel they are valued they establish a relationship with their employer/organization which invites loyalty, dedication, and higher production. Therefore, it is important to measure perceptions of trust and justice to ensure that employees feel they are treated fairly and justly. It is important to evaluate the progress of the company/organization and constantly ensure that its employees are content. This allows for maximum retention, performance, and production. Organizational Justice is the term used to define people's perception of fairness in an organization. The majority of studies on justice were conducted in the 1960's, but the majority of studies on justice in organizations have been published since 1990 (Charash 278). As it is a relatively newer field, it is surprising the number of studies that have been conducted, Charash mentions 400 studies and 100 theoretical papers. It is therefore obvious that it is an important topic in Business Management. There are three main types of Organizational Justice; distributive, procedural, and interactional (Charash 278, Henle 248). Distributive justice emphasizes the perceived outcome of fairness, and is mainly related to the cognitive, affective, and behavioral reactions to particular outcomes. When an outcome is perceived as unfair, it will affect the employee's emotions and ultimately their behavior in relation to the organization. Distributive justice fails the measure the interpretation of the methods of an organization, it only addresses the outcome. Procedural justice shifted the focus from emphasizing not only the outcome as with distributive justice, but rather the perceived fairness of the process by which the outcome was achieved. (Charash 280). It is simply defined as the fairness of the process by which outcomes are determined. Procedural justice is perceived to exist when procedures follow certain types of accepted principles. Leventhal's 1980 conceptualization addressed six rules that yield perceptions of a fairer procedure. They are; (a) the consistency rule; (b) the bias-suppression rule; (c) the accuracy rule; (d) the correctability rule; (e) the representativeness rule; and (f) the ethicality rule. It is worth noting that perception of unfairness in an organization's procedure will result in reactions directed toward the organization as opposed to distributive justice, where the reactions will be directed toward the decision maker. The third type of Organizational justice is interactional justice. Interactional justic

Madonna's Voyage to the iWorld Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Madonna's Voyage to the iWorld - Term Paper Example Music and technology have always gone hand-in-hand. As far as 1877, when the voice was first recorded with the inventions of the phonograph and graphophone, the music industry has already been assisted and improved by what innovation has to offer. Given that Madonna’s rise to stardom happened in the 80s, this is also where this paper will begin to trace the chronology of the technological development in the music industry and how Madonna figured out in all of them. By the end of the 1970s, music sales drop and various record companies start campaigns within the industry to restrain or even eliminate home taping. However, in 1979, cassette popularity skyrocketed with the launch of the Sony Walkman. This introduction corresponds to the upgrading of the sound quality of the cassette. Instantly, the cassette tape became the sole format that can be used in your home, carried in your pocket and played in your vehicle. The Recording Industry Association of America, which is the lobby ing and trade organization of the record industry, constantly fought for taxes placed on blank tapes up until the 1980s. Eventually, legislators gave the music labels a part of the sale of each blank tape. In 1978, Sony and Philips revealed their proposal to collaborate and produce an identical format for the Compact Disc. Record labels then revealed, in 1982, a global standard that guarantees that all kinds of CDs will work on every CD player there is. During the same year, â€Å"52nd Street† by Billy Joel was made public in Japan, which is the first ever CD to be launched in the world. Come 1988, the CD exceeded the LP in terms of sales percentage. The 80s was considered the most important period in the history of the recorded audio industry, primarily because of the launch of the Compact Disc. Within three years of the arrival of the compact disc in the industry, one million CD players have already been sold in the electronics market. In comparison, it took more than a dec ade for the manufacturers of colored television to sell one million TVs. Shortly after the introduction of the CD, the Digital Audio Tape (DAT) was launched. Unfortunately, it was met with abrupt opposition from music publishers and composers since they feared the possibility of the piracy, especially because of the almost perfect duplication capability and excellent sound quality of the DAT. From the kick-off, RIAA contends for a tool to be positioned inside the recorder in order to prevent duplication. Even after this tool, which is known as the "serial copy management system†, was placed on all DAT recorders sent to the United States, composers and music publishers continued claiming for fees on every DAT tape or machine sold as a compensation in case of home taping. This dispute led to the lack of support of the format from the record industry. Seeing that the DAT format is not feasible, record labels decided not to produce or market pre-recorded DATs. Since there is no pr e-recorded tape, no one will buy a recorder. Ultimately, since there are no sales for recorders, a market for pre-recorded tape is non-existent. In 1990, the mishmash of the Internet and digital audio started an explosive phenomenon – the creation of the Moving Pictures Experts Group-1 Layer-3 or simply MP3. This is a compressed audio file with a small size but still the same sound quality. This format makes file transfer way easier. Madonna knew well how she can make use of these new technological developments in the music industry to the fullest. The internet also made her popularity easier to enhance and spread out. However, along with advantages are disadvantages brought about by the same technological innovations. A proof of pop superstar Madonna’s awareness of how technology can advance her career is her fight to gain tight and control over a domain name that clearly alludes to her name and makes use of her popularity. The said domain, madonna.com, is actually a pornographic website that is obviously riding with her name’

History of Culinary Arts Essay Example for Free

History of Culinary Arts Essay The history of culinary arts started in the early 1800 when the first cooking school in Boston was established to teach the art of American cooking and prepare the students to deliver and forward their knowledge to others. It was in 1896 Fannie Merritt Farmer published the first cook book; the book was written referring the Boston cooking school. In the year 1946 the first cooking show was telecasted on the televised. After thatJames Beard the father of American cuisine conducted regular cooking classes concentrating on the art of American cooking. In 1960s the French cuisine has been entered the American society by Julia Child. Later in the year the Culinary Institute of America (CIA) was founded and established this was the first culinary school that offers career-based courses of course in the art of cooking. The first campus of the CIA was inNew York and was started in 1972 and now there are Different types of cooking schools that offer different kinds of training programs to its candidates and the selection of the appropriate culinary arts and it can be determined by considering the goals and interests and aid to choose the education programaccordingly. The school was begun with the intention of offering education courses in culinary arts. The school offers both long term and short term courses. There are a number of students who enrol in the CIA and each year and the number of applicants increase. Prior to the establishing of the CIA, those who wanted to have a career in culinary arts typically had to go through many tests and challenges like until they become seasoned chefs by gaining on-the-job trainings. Looking at this today internships and recruitments are among the main essentials. .

Depression in Hamlet Essay -- William Shakespeare

In the playwright Hamlet by William Shakespeare, Hamlet often shows many signs of depression. It is argued whether he is putting on the act, or if he is actually severely depressed. I believe after the death of his father, Hamlet becomes very emotionally unstable. Three things affect Hamlet, the death of his father, the remarriage of his mother, and Ophelia. Hamlet contemplates death, and becomes prepared to die near the end of the play. When Hamlet Senior dies Hamlet seems lost. Depression commonly follows a loved one’s death. He finds no true meaning in life. He wonders if we are only here to eat and sleep. â€Å"What is a man/If his chief good and market of his time/ Be but to sleep and feed? A beast, no more./ Sure He that made us with such large discourse,/Looking before and after, gave us not/ That capability and godlike reason/ To fust in us unused. Now whether it be. Bestial oblivion or some craven scruple/ Of thinking too precisely on th’ event† (4.4 35-43). In the following soliloquy Hamlet contemplates suicide. â€Å"To be or not to be- that is the question:/Whether ‘tis nob...

European Colonization of the Americas and What It Meant

Chloe Chandler European colonization of what would become North America was motivated by various reasons, including the desire for religious freedom, profit, or a chance to start over. The colonies were populated by religious groups seeking freedom to practice their religions without interference from England, indentured servants, debtors seeking a clean slate, settlers hoping to find a profit and people who were brought to America involuntarily as slaves from Africa. The establishment of European colonies in North America meant dealing with the Native American tribes who had already lived in the area for centuries.More often than not, colonists treated the native peoples as lesser beings and savages, and tensions between natives and Europeans led to many inhumane acts and deaths, particularly deaths of the native peoples. English colonization took many trial and error attempts before they were able to establish the famed thirteen colonies that would eventually go on to become the Un ited States of America. Despite the catchy assertion that â€Å"in 1492, Columbus sailed the ocean blue† and became the first person to discover the â€Å"New World†, he was not the first foreigner to set foot in what would become North America.Aside from the native tribes that had already been in the Americas for centuries, there was another group of people to find America before Columbus. The Vikings were the first to discover what would become North America. However, the Vikings did not remain in the area and their discovery of North America became something of a Viking legend. In 1492 an explorer named Christopher Columbus set out to find a new route to Asia in order to maximize the efficiency of the spice trade between Asia and Europe. Instead of discovering a shorter route to Asia, Columbus stumbled across the new world that would come to be known as America.Though his discovery is referred to as the new world, there were countless groups of Native American tribe s who had been living in America for centuries and had their own cultures and ways of life. Columbus did not arrive in the new world with an open mind regarding the native populations. Like many people at the time, Columbus regarded those with a skin color different from his own to be inferior. On Columbus’ second trip to America, he wrote a letter to the King and Queen suggesting that they enslave a large portion of the Native American population. â€Å"Their Highnesses will see that I can give them as much gold as they desire†¦ nd as many slaves as they choose to send for, all heathens† (Columbus’ first letter, 1493) After the monarchy refused this suggestion, Columbus proceeded to enslave the native peoples regardless. 1,200 natives were taken from their homes and enslaved by Columbus. 560 of these natives were forcibly sent on a ship to Spain where 200 of them died of illness during the trip (Weatherford). In 1584, Sir Walter Raleigh established the col ony of Roanoke on an island off of present-day North Carolina. Roanoke became the first European colony established in America.The charter to establish Roanoke was granted to Raleigh by the Queen Elizabeth I with the intentions of discovering riches in America as well as having a base from which the privateers she had commissioned could raid Spanish ships. The colony of Roanoke survived for three years before mysteriously disappearing, earning it the title â€Å"the lost colony†. One of the most commonly held beliefs regarding Roanoke’s fate, is that trouble with the native populations led to the deaths of several colonists, while the rest integrated into the Native lifestyle rather than face starvation or death by other means.In 1534 Jacques Cartier, an explorer for France, founded the settlement New France in the area of present-day Canada and the northern US. The French had a better relationship with the native inhabitants than any of the other countries that had, o r would colonize the Americas. The French realized that trouble with the natives could be detrimental and that a positive relationship with them could be beneficial. The French treated the natives with respect instead of viewing them as savages or lesser beings like the Spanish and British did.The French established a polite trading system of fur with the Native Americans. The French’s respect for the indigenous peoples would later be rewarded by the native’s help in the French and Indian War between the colonial French and the colonial British. A group of French Protestants called the Huguenots settled in what would become the southern US, but were eventually killed or driven away by colonial Spain to the south. In 1624, the Dutch settled the area of present day New York and New Jersey. They named their settlement New Amsterdam. The Dutch remained in the area until 664 when the British took over the colonies and renamed part New York and part New Jersey. The British a lso gained the colony of New Sweden from the Dutch, which went on to become a part of present-day Delaware. By the year 1600 the Spanish had established an expansive empire in America from present-day California to present day Florida, and down into Central America. The Spanish sought to expand their empire in the search of a profit and also to spread their Catholic faith. The Spanish obtained this vast empire by destroying the native peoples that stood between them and conquest.The three well-known cultures that were decimated during the Spanish conquest of the Americas were the Aztecs, the Maya and the Inca. In 1565, the Spanish attacked and took the French’s colonial settlement of Fort Caroline, killing 200 settlers. The Spanish then renamed the settlement St. Augustine. The Spanish desire for expansion would later cause tension between colonial Spain and colonial Britain. In 1606, King James I of England sold charters to the Plymouth Company and to the London Virginia Com pany. The charter was divided between the two companies, giving the Plymouth Company the northern half in the current-day Maine area.The colony established by the Plymouth Company did not succeed and was soon abandoned. With their Southern half of the charter, The London Virginia Company established the colony of Jamestown, Virginia which would become the first overseas English colony to succeed. The colonists of Jamestown faced many hardships in their first few years. The settlers of Jamestown arrived in the area at an inopportune time, as the area was experiencing a severe drought that made the cultivation of crops impossible. The lack of food resulted in many colonists dying of starvation.Aside from the drought, the settlers also experienced encounters from the native tribes who did not welcome their presence. Many settlers were killed by the Native Americans in the area, particularly in the long-standing rivalry that ensued between colonists and the neighboring tribes and result ed in the deaths of colonists and natives alike. Many other colonists died of diseases as a result of their malnutrition (Wolfe). When trouble with the neighboring Powhatan tribe finally subsisted, the colonists were introduced to the idea of using tobacco as a cash crop.With the introduction of tobacco as a cash crop the colony was finally able to succeed, though a darker issue arose from this success. As the tobacco trade became more and more successful for the colony, the issue arose of how to work the fields while spending the least amount of money on labor. Thus began America’s dark history of slavery. Several colonies were founded in order to seek religious freedom that was not offered in England. In 1620, a group of Protestants called the Pilgrims settled in Plymouth, Massachusetts.The Pilgrims chose to settle in America in order to be able to freely practice their religion. Nine years later, another religious group called the Puritans established a colony called the M assachusetts Bay Colony. The Puritans were unaccepting of other religions and established their colony in order to be able to practice their religion and also to be able to keep other religions out. In 1681, yet another colony was established for religious regions. William Penn, a Quaker, founded the colony of Pennsylvania in order to create a haven where Quakers could live and practice their beliefs in peace.In 1670, the establishment of the colony of Carolina was funded by a private group of Englishmen who were seeking to make a profit off of the colony. Carolina was settled but initially failed because no one had any motivation to move to the area. The colony of Carolina finally succeeded once farmable land was found in present-day Charleston. The establishment of South Carolina was motivated by the desire for profit, rather than for religious reasons as was the case in some of the other colonies.The motivations of the Carolinian settlers became apparent in their actions. Since t hey were profit-driven rather than being driven by religion as with some of the other colonies, the colonists of Carolina were most interested in how to maximize profits and did not mind if other people were hurt in order for their businesses to flourish. The Carolinian settlers came mainly from the British colony of Barbados, and they brought African slaves along with them. Being profit motivated, South Carolina began a trading relationship with the Caribbean Islands.Among the â€Å"items† traded were Native Americans that had been kidnapped and enslaved by the Carolinians in order to trade them to the Caribbean. Alongside their atrocities committed against the natives, the settlers of Carolina also brought in slaves from Africa to work in rice fields once they decided that slaves were cheaper to maintain than indentured servants. In 1733, the southern colony of Georgia was founded by James Oglethorpe in order to separate the colony of Carolina from the Spanish-populated Flo rida area due to tensions between Spain and Britain.These tensions were caused by Spain’s desire to be ever-expanding, and their history of attacking and taking over colonies that were close by. The English helped add to this tension through the practice of English privateers frequently raiding Spanish ships, stealing their gold or supplies and killing anyone in the way. Since the idea of living in a colony created as a buffer between two rivaling areas is not particularly appealing, Oglethorpe did not expect anyone to willingly settle in Georgia. This opened the question of how Georgia would be settled.The answer became a solution to another of England’s issues– what to do with their large number of debtors. At the time in England to be in debt meant to remain in prison until the debt could be paid. James Oglethorpe pitied the debtors who could not pay their debts, and this pity gave him an idea that would solve two problems at once. The colony of Georgia was p opulated by debtors in England who were given the choice of colonization or remaining in prison in England until their debts could be paid. During the time of colonization, as many as 300,000 colonists were indentured servants (US-History. om). An indentured servant was a person whose boat fare, housing and food were all paid by the person who hires them. In exchange, the indentured servant entered into a contract and agreed to work for their master for as many years as it took for their debt to be paid off. Indentured servants worked in fields or as house servants and often were not treated well. While indentured servants did enter into the contract voluntarily, it was only because they could not afford to go to America on their own and they desperately wanted a chance to start over in the new world.As it became too expensive to keep indentured servants, colonists who owned plantations began to look for cheaper ways to work their fields. Between 1500 and 1800, over half of the popu lation of the colonies consisted of African slaves who were brought to America against their will (Brinkley, 18). Many colonists and slave owners viewed African slaves as primitives and hardly regarded them as being human at all. The slaves were not given wages or promised freedom after a set number of years as with indentured servitude, but instead were regarded as the permanent property of the person who purchased them.The colonist’s poor treatment of anyone with a skin color different from theirs was also exhibited in their treatment of the Native Americans. As aforementioned, some colonies such as South Carolina forcibly enslaved the native populations and sold them in order to make a profit. The colonists also encroached on the native’s lands and were eager to expand westward without any regard for the native’s homes or lands. Colonists frequently regarded the natives as savages who were uncivilized and, like the Africans, hardly human. During colonization, several wars broke out between the settlers and the Native Americans.The war between the Powhatan tribe and the Virginians began when the colonist Captain John Smith began stealing food and supplies from the Native Americans as well as kidnapping several of them. Another dispute caused by the mistreatment of the Native Americans was King Philip’s War which began as a result of the natives defending themselves when the English colonists began to demand that the natives be held under the English colonist’s rule (Umass. edu). Another dispute between colonists and natives known as Bacon’s Rebellion began when a native tribe attacked the plantation of a colonist who had not paid them for goods.Colonists then returned attack– on the wrong tribe of natives. Several native chiefs were killed throughout the dispute and some innocent and friendly natives were kidnapped by colonists (nps. gov). In conclusion, the new world was settled by many different kinds of peo ple with many different motivations. Some settled in order to seek religious freedom, while others sought a profit, and some to escape their debt while others were brought to the colonies forcibly as slaves. Several colonies were only able to thrive by depending on the institution of slavery.The colonies also settled without any regard for the Native Americans who had already been living in the area. Many natives lost their lives in war with the colonists and many more lost their lives as a result of unfamiliar diseases brought over by the colonists. It took many failed colonies before the new world was settled by Europeans. After the colonization of Georgia in 1733, the English had established 13 English colonies in North America. They had also developed a successful economy grounded in tobacco, rice, and slavery.Sources: Brinkley, Alan. The Unfinished Nation: A Concise History of the American People. 6th ed. Vol. 1. New   Ã‚  Ã‚  York, NY: McGraw-Hill, 2012. Weatherford, Jack. à ¢â‚¬Å"Examining the Reputation of Columbus. † Understanding Prejudice. Last modified   Ã‚  Ã‚  2002. Accessed February 18, 2013. http://www. understandingprejudice. org/nativeiq/weather. htm. Wolfe, Brendan. â€Å"Early Jamestown Settlement. † Encyclopedia Virginia. Ed. Caitlin   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Newman. 13 Feb. 2013. Virginia Foundation for the Humanities. 29 Jan. 2013 Columbus, Christopher.Letter, â€Å"The Letter of Columbus to Luis De Sant Angel Announcing His   Ã‚  Ã‚  Discovery,† 1493. Historic Documents. Independence Hall Association. United States History. â€Å"Indentured Servitude. † Accessed February 18, 2013. http://www. u-s-history. com/pages/h1157. html. â€Å"King Philip's War. † University of Massachusetts. http://www. bio. umass. edu/biology/conn. river/   Ã‚  Ã‚  philip. html. McCully, Susan. â€Å"Bacon's Rebellion. † Edited by Jen Loux. National Park Service. Last modified June   Ã‚  Ã‚  1987. Accessed February 18, 20 13. http://www. nps. gov/jame/historyculture/bacons-rebellion. htm.

Role of Youth in Combat Terrorism

Youth top executive is an infrangible ply for a nation’s asset and its pride. A nation’s off springs fend for its plume up in the work force of mind, thoughts, sensitiveness and vigorous courage, sure ever occurrent ne’er ending and forever. Youth with the exponent of creative thinking explore unconvincing horizons for its nation’s splendor, bearing and prominence, youth with the magnate of mental imagery at random have heartily beauteous feelings for apiece and all one or so them no thing they soul their rush or not. Wise and mortal role of youth ranges sympathy, peace, harmony, symphony, payday loans online and lenience system of rules sort of every graphic symbol of good example to the boundaries having no boundary. Youth are a power of some country and that is the only way for a whatever res publica to struggle the evince of terrorism as only this way it is guaranteed that this infliction is rotted out because political orientation is something that breeds terrorism and to speech act the structure proceeding ie Extremism; it then becomes fate to think on the youth, as according to some researches it has been so further deducted that youth are the ones that are to the highest degree insecure and mostly unexploited by weather who tends to shield terrorism. As this is the epoch assort that is very raptorial but at the unlike time very unconditioned and can well get carried aside in action of their emotions; where as kinsfolk who have perfect in the prowess of harboring human cleverness for much infamous activities they insurance without exam then have to do very unimportant efforts to get them off-track. Therefore it is medical care upon the role of youth to also make themselves remindful of such actors; so that they either in obscurity or with consent turn their work and make certain they also precise and take on so much elements in the social club who sympathies or either supports much weather condition or activities that ends up what in nonmodern piece is called Terrorism.

Compare and contrast auditory system and optical system

Compare and contrast auditory system and optical system Two of the most important sensory systems in human body are optical system and auditory system. Optical system or sometime called visual system involved in the process of taken amount of stimuli and transfer it into some figure that we can perceive as images that make senses. Auditory systems involved in sound wave that transduced by drum ear into some kind of vibration that eventually gets converted back into wave what we perceive as noise. There are a lot of similarities in their mechanisms of how they gather, carry and prepare those informations from sensory neurons. However, there are also a lots of differences on how each system operated and where does it takes information into difference area of the brain.For both systems, optical and auditory, the information comes from our environment in many forms. For example, optical system detected all still images and image in motion as far as human eyes can see.en:Steps involved in hearing speech: Sound signals...The auditory is ready t o absorb any noise or sound for twenty-four hours a day. Their structures and mechanisms are similar in a way they gather information, prepare and perceive those information into something that make sense in our brain. After the sensory neurons carry information into specific system each detect, transduce and coding those information before they being send to central system, the brain. Both systems have similar structure that transmit those information to the final destination, the brain.Even though, both system basic the same. Each system perceive those information that perceive from sensory neuron in totally different way. For instance, optical system receive visible spectrum of wave of electromagnetic radiation. The frequency of wave created color and distinguish brightness by amplitude. In auditory system, the frequency of wave created tone ( pitch) and loudness by amplitude.For the optical system, the cornea...

How to Write a Case Study Analysis for Business School

How to Write a Case Study Analysis for Business School When writing a business case study analysis, you must first have a good understanding of the case study. Before you begin the steps below, read the business case carefully, taking notes all the while. It may be necessary to read the case several times to get all of the details and fully grasp the issues facing the group, company, or industry. As you are reading, do your best to identify key issues, key players, and the most pertinent facts. After you are comfortable with the information, use the following step-by-step instructions (geared toward a single-company analysis) to write your report. To write about an industry, just adapt the steps listed here to discuss the segment as a whole. Step 1: Investigate the Company’s History and Growth A company’s past can greatly affect the present and future state of the organization. To begin, investigate the company’s founding, critical incidents, structure, and growth. Create a timeline of events, issues, and achievements. This timeline will come in handy for the next step.   Step 2: Identify Strengths and Weaknesses Using the information you gathered in step one, continue by examining and making a list of the value creation functions of the company. For example, the company may be weak in product development but strong in marketing. Make a list of problems that have occurred and note the effects they have had on the company. You should also list areas where the company has excelled. Note the effects of these incidents as well. Youre essentially conducting a partial  SWOT analysis  to get a better understanding of the companys strengths and weaknesses. A SWOT analysis involves documenting things like internal strengths (S) and weaknesses (W)  and  external opportunities (O) and threats (T).   Step 3: Examine the External Environment The third step involves identifying opportunities and threats within the company’s external environment. This is where the second part of the SWOT analysis (the O and the T)  comes into play. Special items to note include competition within the industry, bargaining powers, and the threat of substitute products. Some examples of opportunities include expansion into new markets or new technology. Some examples of threats include  increasing competition and higher interest rates. Step 4: Analyze Your Findings Using the information in steps 2 and 3, create an evaluation for this portion of your case study analysis. Compare the strengths and weaknesses within the company to the external threats and opportunities. Determine if the company is in a strong competitive position, and decide if it can continue at its current pace successfully. Step 5: Identify Corporate-Level Strategy To identify a company’s corporate-level strategy, identify and evaluate the company’s mission, goals, and actions toward those goals. Analyze the company’s line of business and its subsidiaries and acquisitions. You also want to debate the pros and cons of the company strategy to determine whether or not a change might benefit the company in the short or long term.​ Step 6: Identify Business-Level Strategy Thus far, your case study analysis has identified the company’s corporate-level strategy. To perform a complete analysis, you will need to identify the company’s business-level strategy. (Note: If it is a single business, without multiple companies under one umbrella, and not an industry-wide review, the corporate strategy and the business-level strategy are the same.) For this part, you should identify and analyze each company’s competitive strategy, marketing strategy, costs, and general focus. Step 7: Analyze Implementations This portion requires that you identify and analyze the structure and control systems that the company is using to implement its business strategies. Evaluate organizational change, levels of hierarchy, employee rewards, conflicts, and other issues that are important to the company you are analyzing. Step 8: Make Recommendations The final part of your case study analysis should include your recommendations for the company. Every recommendation you make should be based on and supported by the context of your analysis. Never share hunches or make a baseless recommendation. You also want to make sure that your suggested solutions are actually realistic. If the solutions cannot be implemented due to some sort of restraint, they are not realistic enough to make the final cut. Finally, consider some of the alternative solutions that you considered and rejected. Write down the reasons why these solutions were rejected.   Step 9: Review Look over your analysis when you have finished writing. Critique your work to make sure every step has been covered. Look for grammatical errors, poor sentence structure, or other things that can be improved. It should be clear, accurate, and professional. Business Case Study Analysis Tips Keep these strategic tips in mind: Know the case study ​backward and forward before you begin your case study analysis.Give yourself enough time to write the case study analysis. You dont want to rush through it.Be honest in your evaluations. Dont let personal issues and opinions cloud your judgment.Be analytical, not descriptive.Proofread your work, and even let a test reader give it a once-over for dropped words or typos that you no longer can see.

Deductions from income including medical expense, state and local Essay

Deductions from income including medical expense, state and local taxes, interest, charitable deductions, personal and business - Essay Example Deductions of interest upon tax are categorized into six: Home mortgage (publication 936), Business or trade, Investment (publication 550), Passive activity, Personal and Student loan interests For interest to be deductible upon one’s return of tax, it is determined by how money was borrowed and how such money was utilized. Form 1040’s schedule A upon the tax return shows the kinds of interest one can deduct on the return regarding investment interest, points and home mortgage interest. This is with regards to the Internal Revenue Service. (wwwebtax.com, 2011) Section of the IRS code that the IRS will use to support its position of disallowing the deduction Section 506 of the House Bill talks about revaluation of gifts and the same House Bill extends its special rule for such gifts as provided by Chapter 14 of gifts in entirety. (rpifs.com, 2011) Starting august 1997, subsequent to Taxpayer Relief Act’s implementation, revaluation of gifts was considered as follo ws with regards to tax return. After 1997 August, IRS is no longer in a position to revalue gifts and this is following the expiry of the statute of the limitations duration. For this provision to apply, though, the gift’s value must be finally determined. ... Also the fair market value has to be determined, unless the regulations have not made it a requirement to state the market value of the whole entity if the interest value in that entity is reached without utilizing the entity’s net asset value. An explanation of how the fair market value was reached has to be included, the relation ship existing between the recipient and the donor and lastly, the description of the taxpayer’s position he/she is taking contrary to the regulation of the treasury or a ruling of revenue. (Mitchell, 2008 p6-10) Support that Donald will need to defend his position that the interest is investment related and should be deductable for tax purposes Mitchell gives an example, where the recipient of a gift may challenge a decision reached by IRS. According to the example given by Mitchell, a lady by the name Smith, Grace gave out a gift six years prior to her demise and which was valued at 1,000,000USD ( Assuming that Smith was supposed to pay the IRS a rate of tax on gift of 55%). The statute that governs this gift passed this without carrying out an audit of the return of gift. The IRS went through the return by Smith and decided on the correct value, though. This led to a scenario where the estate was supposed to have a credit for the taxes on the gift that were previously payable of an amount of 825,000USD instead of 550,000USD gift tax that was actually paid upon filing of the return. This would result to an estate tax increasing since such revaluation pushes that estate to an upper bracket of tax. In a case where the estate was in the top-most tax bracket, such a revaluation would not have any impact, though. In case the IRS gives a final notice with regards to the redetermination in accordance

Interpersonal Communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Interpersonal Communication - Essay Example I have been a very active sportsman throughout my academic career, back in Hong Kong I used to be the captain of my school’s badminton team and our team had won many inter-school tournaments and thus got many laurels for our school. After leaving Hong Kong for the States I had never realized that it would be so difficult to adjust in the new country. Apart from studies, I knew that sports and badminton in particular would be a regular activity for me, since I considered myself very good at it. However, when I came, I had to give the trials like everyone else for the selection of the team. I was selected in the playing eleven, but the positions of the team players were to be decided in the practice sessions. During our practice, I must admit I realized that the standard of the players selected for the team was excellent; however I was hopeful about getting the position of the central mid-fielder. That was the position I had played for years and was very good at. I was also expecting to be the captain of the team, which comprised mainly of Americans, I was the only Chinese and there were two Asians in the team. I believe that amongst the major factors that I found different from China was the culture shock in terms of individualism and collectivism. I come from a culture where families live together and decisions are taken after a consensus of the family but in the States, the independence the children have to live their life and make their decisions baffled me a little. I also missed my family quite a bit due to which I had become despondent, that is why I feel that I blamed everything on my nationality. That I think is quite a contributing factor to this conflict. A relief however is the fact that because of the empowerment and independence that students have in the States, I could at least talk the matter out with my coach. Had I been stuck in the same situation in China I would not have had the leverage to discuss this with my coach. This lack of freedom, I feel has hampered my ability to communicate. Since I have never had to argue with my seniors, to be able to convey my opinion I feel that I was at a disadvantage and my negotiation skills were not very apt for a discussion with the coach, which is why the clarification which I tried to seek turned more or less into an argument. I also felt that since m y coach is such a senior person and at a position of authority, he expected the team players to accept his decisions as right and trust them, therefore I feel my seeking clarification might have angered him a little, as he might have seen it as an insult to his credibility. Evolution and Characteristics of the Relationship My interpersonal communication problem is between me and the coach of our team. I feel that part of the problem existed with my pre-decided notion that I might not get adequate representation in the new college because of being a Chinese. For this reason, if ever I was denied a chance at anything I used to blame it on my nationality. Therefore, when I was not given the position of the central midfielder, I thought the coach was biased because mostly the central midfielder becomes the captain of the team and thus, I was sure that the central midfielder would be given to an America national and so was the case, which served to substantiate my doubts. The

The Functions of Article 267 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the Essay

The Functions of Article 267 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union - Essay Example he ECJ. Article 267 of TFEU provides that when there is a question concerning the interpretation and application of EU law: When such a question is raised before any court or tribunal of a Member State, that court may, if it considers that a decision on the question is necessary to enable it to give judgment, require the Court of Justice to give a ruling thereon. 6 It therefore follows that the word â€Å"may† as it appears in Article 267 of the TFEU does not impose upon national courts a compulsory duty to refer a question of EU law to the ECJ for determination.7 The obligation to refer a preliminary question of EU law to the ECJ is only mandatory when the matter is before the court of final appeal and no further national remedies are available to the litigants.8 With lower national courts relieved of the compulsory obligation to refer a question of EU law to the ECJ when the interpretation and application of EU law is in doubt can be counterproductive to the goal of achievin g consistency in the interpretation and application of EU law when a national court comes to the decision that not to refer a question to the ECJ for interpretation. Nyikos explains how the discretion to submit a preliminary reference to the EU on a point of EU law can compromise integration of national legal systems with the EU’s legal system and consistency in the interpretation and application of EU laws. According to Nyikos, the decision to refer a preliminary question of EU law depends on a number of variables that are difficult to predict. To begin with, the decision to submit a preliminary question of EU law largely depends on the national courts’ â€Å"acceptance† of intervention by the ECJ.9 A court’s decision to refer a preliminary question of EU law also depends on the â€Å"national judicial procedure†, the â€Å"complexity of the issue† and â€Å"individual court experience.†10 The ECJ however, has established a significa nt safeguard against the risk of inconsistency in the application and interpretation of Community law in cases where the national court is of the opinion that a particular EU law is not valid. In such a case, a referral is mandatory regardless of whether the court seized of the matter is a court of first or last instance. This is because it would be entirely inconsistent with the supremacy of EU law and the goals of consistency among EU states for a national court to render an EU law invalid and another state to uphold the same EU law.11 Ideally, perfect and seamless integration of national legal systems with the EU legal system and consistency of EU law within and among the Member States should be accomplished by Article 267

Teenage Mother Case Study

Teenage Mother Case Study Introduction This essay deals with the circumstances and challenges faced by 22 year old Betty, who became pregnant when she was 15, and now lives with Candy, her six year old daughter. Betty has been referred to the social services cell of the local authority for appropriate social work intervention. She has been engaging in bouts of bingeing and has in the recent past been suffering from vomiting, weight loss and amenorrhoea. A brief case overview is provided below, followed by its analysis and its various implications for social work intervention. Case Overview and Analysis Bettys mother left her father and her sisters when they were very young because of problems in dealing consumption of alcohol. The child and her sisters were thereafter sent to a home for children, where they lived for many years. Whilst the children did not have any further contact with their mother, they would occasionally receive visits from their father, who worked in a brewery and also suffered from alcohol related problems. Betty and her sisters spent their childhood in the childrens home, from where they first attended the childrens village school and thereafter went to a comprehensive secondary school near the residence of her father. Betty began to develop truancy tendencies in her early teens and became pregnant from her relationship with an African Caribbean person, when they were both 14. She decided to keep her child who was named Candy, rather than give her up for adoption, and was placed in a foster home situated at a distance from where she had lived for many years. With the childrens home closing down, Bettys sisters, followed by Betty and Candy, came to live with their father. All the children, including Betty and Candy, lived with their father for the next 6 years. Betty first met a social worker when she was 22. She thereafter moved with her daughter to a small flat, which she liked and made efforts to make nice and homely. Whilst shifting to her new home proved to be beneficial for both Betty and candy, the death of her father, which occurred soon after she moved out of his home, traumatised her severely. She suffers from bouts of speaking difficulties, weight loss and vomiting and amenorrhoea. Her social service records reveal that she suffered from speech disorder episodes in her childhood as well. Betty has also spoken to her social worker about her difficult relationship with her daughter Candy. Whilst the child is doing well in school and is liked by people, she behaves very badly with her mother. An investigation of Bettys history reveals that she may well have been neglected during her childhood. Both her father and mother had alcohol related problems. Her mother left home when Betty and her sisters were very young, following which she was placed in a home for children. Child neglect can be defined to be a condition, wherein individuals responsible for taking care of children permit them, either deliberately or because of inattentiveness, (a) to experience suffering that is avoidable, and (b) otherwise fail to provide the environment required for the development of their physical, emotional and mental capabilities. Neglect can be physical, emotional or educational (Butler Gwenda, 2004, p 76). Betty and her sisters were taken in the care of social services when they were young and placed in a childrens home. Whilst their physical needs were met adequately and they were sent first to the village and later to secondary school, it is very possible that they suffered from educat ional and emotional neglect (Grinnell Yvonne, 2008, p 46). They certainly did not have anybody to provide them with emotional or psychological support or to help them with their school work. Educational neglect includes the failure of care takers to acknowledge and correct acts of truancy by children, even as emotional neglect can arise from inattention to the requirement of children for emotional support and sustenance (Ghate Ramella, 2002, p 66). It is evident that conditions in homes for children are unlikely to have emotionally or educationally enriching environments (Ghate Ramella, 2002, p 66). Neglect during childhood can have adverse effects on the physical, social, intellectual and psychological development of young people (Ghate Ramella, 2002, p 68). Studies reveal that neglected children are prone to development of insecure, anxious or disoriented attachments with their care givers (Howe, 2009, p 37). Such lack of security in attachment can lead to hyperactivity, lack of attention and involvement in class and lack of initiative and confidence to work on their own (Howe, 2009, p 37). Child neglect is also associated with greater incidence of substance abuse, delinquent behaviour, and early pregnancy (Howe, 2009, p 37). Betty developed tendencies for truancy, both in her school and in her childrens home, and became pregnant when she was 14 from her relationship with a boy of her age. Teenage pregnancy is widely prevalent in UK, with the country having a highest rate for such pregnancies in all of Europe. Studies reveal that girls from social class V are at greatest risk of becoming teenage mothers. Research evidence also reveals higher incidence of teenage pregnancy in (a) young people in care, (b) young people leaving care, (c) homeless young people, (d) truants and (e) young people involved in crime. Whilst parenthood can certainly be a positive and enriching experience for normal people, it can also bring about many negative consequences for teenage mothers (Duncan, 2007, p 307). Such problems include (a) adverse physical and mental health outcomes, (b) lesser chances of completing education, (c) greater likelihood of living in the households of others, and (d) greater probability of being lone parent (Duncan, 2007, p 307). Teenagers who become parents are known to suffer from greater socio-economic deprivation, low self esteem and greater incidence of sexual abuse (Duncan, 2007, p 307). The children of such parents tend to have lower birth weights, lesser likelihood of being breast fed, greater chances of growing up in lone parent families, and greater probabilities of experiencing poverty, poor quality housing and poor nutrition. Such people also show greater tendencies for smoking and alcohol abuse (Duncan, 2007, p 307). Common problems amongst teenage mothers include depression and anxiety during pregnancy, financial, social and partnership problems and more negative life events (relationship break-ups, parental separation and lack of community and family support). Teenage mothers are more likely to diet or to smoke during pregnancy. The high smoking prevalence amongst people facing social and economic deprivation suggests that smoking may be used as a stress coping mechanism. However, there is a close association between smoking during pregnancy and adverse outcomes such as low birth weight, infant mortality and delays in child development. (DHSSPS, 2004, p 1) Betty, whilst she has lived in a designated childrens home, and has been educated in standard schools, may have suffered from neglect during her childhood and has experienced pregnancy in her early teens. Both these experiences can result in adverse physical, emotional and psychological outcomes. A social work report reveals that she was prone to suffer from speaking difficulties in her childhood, which could well be the outcome of an emotional and mental distress at being separated from her parents. This speech disorder surfaced again when she was 22, very possibly on account of her emotional traumatisation at the death of her father, who had provided her with shelter for 6 years after the closure of her childrens home. Her other ailments namely bingeing, vomiting and amenorrhoea could also be related to her disturbed upbringing and her psychologically disturbed state, which appears to have been aggravated by the death of her father. Methods of Intervention Betty is emotionally and mentally disturbed because of the death of her father and the behaviour of her child, Candy, towards her. Such emotional disturbances appear to have resulted in eating disorders, vomiting and weight loss. Apart from these ailments, Betty is also suffering from amenorrhoea. She needs medical and possibly psychiatric help and should be referred to mental health professionals and the local GP for appropriate support. Bettys basic vulnerability arises from her status as a single parent, her past of a teen mother, her lack of earning capacity and her difficult relationship with her daughter. Such problems could lead to reduction of self esteem, depression and consequent mental and physical ailments. Social work practice in such circumstances should first focus on understanding her case and her background and thereafter formulate appropriate intervention strategies. Social workers must in the first case adopt appropriate anti-discriminatory, anti-oppressive and person centred approaches in dealing with her case (Nash, et al, 2005, p 23).Thompson, (2001, p 7), advances the theory that anti-discriminatory approaches essentially arise from personal, cultural and social (infrastructural) influences that are experienced by individuals over the course of their lives. These influences affect the socialisation of individuals and result in deeply entrenched attitudes that surface unconsciously and influence their actions and behaviour (Thompson, 2001, p 11). Social workers, many of whom come from affluent and educated backgrounds, are very likely to have developed entrenched discriminatory attitudes towards disadvantaged segments of society and could well approach the problems of service users, from different racial, ethnic, social and income backgrounds, with preconceived notions and attitudes (Butler Gwenda, 2004, p 83). Dominelli (2005, p 41) has also time and again emphasised that discrimination is pervasive in UK society and its social work infrastructure. Modern social work theory and practice also recommends the adoption of person centred approaches towards service users. Service users, it is now widely accepted, should be placed at the centre of the social work process; with due regard given to their need for dignity, independence and self determination (Howe, 2009, p 48). Social workers, whilst dealing with Betty, with her history of living in a childrens home, teenage truancy, and teenage pregnancy, can very likely (a) have preconceived notions about her background, upbringing, education and attitudes, (b) take little cognisance of her helpful nature, her love for her father and her affection for her child, and (c) adopt attitudes of I know best condescension in their assessment and intervention practice. It is thus imperative for the social worker dealing with her case to consciously overcome discriminatory attitudes, adopt a person centred approach, communicate with understanding and empathy and involve Betty in all intervention suggestions. The social worker should in these circumstances engage Betty with open ended questions about her problems and difficulties. Betty should be allowed to express herself as completely as possible without interruption in order to obtain a more complete realisation of her physical, emotional and mental strength (Brachmann, 2010, p 1). She should be asked to explain the ways and means in which she has coped with the various crises in her life and asked to explore and discuss her various strengths and weaknesses (Brachmann, 2010, p 1). Such discussions can well help in alleviating her feelings about the difficulties and hopelessness of her situation, enable her to think about positive lines of action and formulate suitable exit strategies (Grinnell Yvonne, 2008, p 55). Betty should be asked to choose the different reasons for her crises, focus on one issue at a time, and thereafter sequentially explore and analyse the different challenges confronting her. Such a strategy will help her to address the different crisis factors and find effective ways to address the diverse challenges (Adams, et al, 2009, p 107). It would thus be possible for her to individually focus on her physical and emotional difficulties, her problems with bringing up her child, and her financial challenges. The social worker should lead Betty in conversations that emphasise non-directive exploration of the various crisis issues (Adams, et al, 2009, p 107). Encouraging her to open up by asking different types of open-ended questions may help in obtaining revelations or in greater realisation of the various issues, which in turn can help her and the social worker in the making of informed choices (Brachmann, 2010, p 1). The social worker, once she expresses something specific or s omething that she would wish to alter, can become more direct in asking her to implement such changes (Howe, 2009, p 53). Betty is now 22 and has brought up her child for 6 years as a teen parent, doing her best at the same time to help as a non earning member in her fathers family. Whilst Betty can no longer be technically classified as a teen parent, she continues to suffer from the vulnerabilities of such people, who are considered to be among the most vulnerable members of British society. Studies consistently reveal that children born to teenage mothers are more likely to have comparatively worse outcomes in terms of physical and mental health and education. Adolescent births are also related to higher levels of mental health difficulties, violence with partners and social exclusion (Coley Chase-Landsdale, 1998, p 152). Contemporary teenage mothers have lesser likelihoods of competing in the job market. With teenage child bearing being automatically disruptive for secondary education, it is far more difficult for such people to complete their education in the more expensive contemporary day enviro nment (Clemmens, 2003, p 94). The children of teenage parents are thus more likely to be economically deprived and socially excluded. When adolescents become parents, their education is likely to be delayed and even discontinued. Their employment opportunities are lesser, their incomes are likely to be low and they are less likely to develop long lasting relationships. Such people often require welfare support for prolonged periods (Duncan, 2007, p 307). Betty, it is evident, suffers from physical and emotional problems. Adequate medical attention needs to be provided to her physical and mental condition in order to ensure that she recovers from the traumatic experience of her fathers death, is able to overcome her eating disorders and develops a stable, enriching and rewarding relationship with her daughter. The UK governments social work policies and infrastructure for teenage mothers provide for a number of intervention programmes (Asmussen Weizel, 2010, p 2). Social workers provide case management support by visiting teen mothers and members of their families in their homes. Such visits help in promoting problem solving behaviours, identifying personal difficulties and challenges and in finding ways and means for overcoming them (Asmussen Weizel, 2010, p 2). They encourage mothers to find jobs and pursue their education further. Case managers also plan and hold meetings with such mothers and their family members, wherein all participants work towards developing appropriate support plans (Asmussen Weizel, 2010, p 2). Social workers help teen mothers by the development of mutual assistance groups, where such people can receive and give assistance between each other. Young mothers like Betty can also be appropriately educated and trained in developing and managing small businesses (Asmussen Weizel, 2010, p 2). They are, after the completion of such training makes them ready to run their businesses, assisted to develop and formulate business plans for their projects. The funding for start up costs for such project is provided after project plans are approved by trainers (Asmussen Weizel, 2010, p 2). Social work programmes also provide education in life skills, which is delivered over 8 weeks in group formats (Asmussen Weizel, 2010, p 7). Such sessions promote the enhancement of knowledge and skills in various areas associated with parenting, social understanding and behaviour management. Leadership development amongst such mothers is promoted by giving them various responsibilities and roles in different types of group activities like planning of social events and development of committees (Asmussen Weizel, 2010, p 9). Studies on these various projects reveal that their use leads to increase in the educational achievements of mothers and lessens the chances of repeat pregnancies. It also enhances their sense of well being and reduces utilisation of illegal substances. Studies on these programmes are however yet to reveal their impact upon child outcomes (Asmussen Weizel, 2010, p 9) The various techniques that can be used by the social worker to make Betty open up and focus on her various challenges have already been discussed before in the course of this essay. The social worker should, in line with such techniques, encourage Betty to think and discuss about her specific challenges, namely (a) overcoming her present physical and mental difficulties, (b) establishing a stable and rewarding relationship with her daughter, (c) furthering her education, (d) increasing her earning capacity and (e) leading a more enriching and socially inclusive life. Open ended questions and discussions over different sessions on each of these issues can help Betty in becoming emotionally more positive and in finding appropriate exit strategies for her different challenges (Butler Gwenda, 2004, p 92). The social worker can help her in discussing various alternatives like (a) medical and psychological health, (b) counselling sessions with her daughter, (c) formulation of programmes for completion of education and / or increase of earning capacity and (d) greater inclusion in social and community life. Appropriate intervention plans can be made after obtaining taking Bettys active agreement on specific action plans. Conclusion This essay concerns the social and economic and challenges faced by 22 year old Betty, who became pregnant at 15 and now lives alone with her six year old daughter. Betty has been engaging in bingeing bouts and is suffering from vomiting, weight loss and amenorrhoea. Bettys mother left the family when the children were very young because of alcohol related problems. She and her sisters were sent to a home for children, where they would occasionally receive visits from their father. Betty and her sisters first attended the childrens village school and thereafter went to a comprehensive secondary school. Betty began to develop truant in her early teens and became pregnant from a relationship with a boy when both of them were 14. Deciding to keep her child, Betty, her child, Candy, and her sisters spent the last 6 years with their father, following which she moved out with her child to their own small home. She was severely traumatised by the death of her father and is concerned about the negative attitude of her child towards her. She now suffers from eating and speech disorders, is losing weight and experiences episodes of amenorrhoea. An analysis of Bettys history reveals that she may well have been neglected during her childhood. Childhood neglect can adversely affect the physical, social, intellectual and psychological development of young people. Early parenthood can also bring negative consequences like adverse physical and mental health outcomes, lesser chances of completing education, greater probability of living in the households of others, and more chances of being lone parents. Such people suffer from greater socio-economic deprivation, low self esteem and greater incidence of sexual abuse. Social work practice, in such circumstances, should first focus on understanding her case and thereafter formulate suitable intervention strategies. Social workers must adopt appropriate anti-discriminatory, anti-oppressive and person centred approaches in dealing with her case. It is imperative for the social worker to deliberately prevail over discriminatory attitudes, adopt a person centred approach, communicate with understanding and empathy and involve Betty in all suggestions. The UK government has a number of social work policies and intervention programmes for young mothers. The social worker should engage Betty with open ended questions about her challenges and difficulties. She should be allowed to express herself freely in order to obtain a fuller understanding of her challenges as well as her physical, emotional and mental strengths. The social worker should discuss different options like (a) her medical and emotional status, (b) engaging in counselling sessions with her daughter, (c) formulation of programmes for completion of her education and / or increase of her earning abilities and (d) ways and means for increasing her inclusion in social and community life. Appropriate intervention plans should be made after obtaining Bettys active agreement on specific intervention programmes.